Testing Tutorial
Quality
Management
The project quality management knowledge area is comprised of the set of
processes that ensure the result of a project meets the needs for which the
project was executed. Processes such as quality planning, assurance, and
control are included in this area. Each process has a set of input and a set
of output. Each process also has a set of tools and techniques that are used
to turn input into output.
Definition of Quality:
Quality is the totality of features and characteristics of a product or
service that bare on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs.
Or
Quality is defined as meeting the customers requirement for the first time
and for every time. This is much more that absence of defects which allows us
to meet the requirements.
Some goals of quality programs include:
Fitness for use. (Is the product or service capable of being used?)
Fitness for purpose. (Does the product or service meet its intended
purpose?)
Customer satisfaction. (Does the product or service meet the customer's
expectations?)
Quality Management Processes
Quality Planning:
The process of identifying which quality standards is relevant to the project
and determining how to satisfy them.
Input includes: Quality policy, scope statement, product description,
standards and regulations, and other process Output.
Methods used: benefit / cost analysis, benchmarking, flowcharting, and
design of experiments.
Output includes: Quality Management Plan, operational definitions,
checklists, and Input to other processes.
Quality Assurance
The process of evaluating overall projects performance on a regular basis to
provide confidence that the project will satisfy the relevant quality
standards.
Input includes: Quality Management Plan, results of quality control
measurements, and operational definitions.
Methods used: quality planning tools and techniques and quality audits.
Output includes: quality improvement.
Quality Control
The process of monitoring specific project results to determine if they comply
with relevant quality standards and identifying ways to eliminate causes of
unsatisfactory performance.
Input includes: work results, Quality Management Plan, operational
definitions, and checklists.
Methods used include: inspection, control charts, pareto charts, statistical
sampling, flowcharting, and trend analysis.
Output includes: quality improvements, acceptance decisions, rework,
completed checklists, and process adjustments.
Quality Policy
The overall quality intentions and direction of an organization as regards
quality, as formally expressed by top management
Total
Quality Management (TQM)
A common approach to implementing a quality improvement program within an
organization
Quality Concepts
Zero Defects
The Customer is the Next Person in the Process
Do the Right Thing Right the First Time (DTRTRTFT)
Continuous Improvement Process (CIP) (From Japanese word, Kaizen)
Tools
of Quality Management
Problem Identification Tools :
Pareto Chart
1. Ranks defects in order of frequency of occurrence to depict 100% of the
defects. (Displayed as a histogram)
2. Defects with most frequent occurrence should be targeted for corrective
action.
3. 80-20 rule: 80% of problems are found in 20% of the work.
4. Does not account for severity of the defects
Cause and Effect Diagrams (fishbone diagrams or Ishikawa diagrams)
1. Analyzes the Input to a process to identify the causes of errors.
2. Generally consists of 8 major Input to a quality process to permit the
characterization of each input.
Histograms
1. Shows frequency of occurrence of items within a range of activity.
2. Can be used to organize data collected for measurements done on a product
or process.
Scatter diagrams
1. Used to determine the relationship between two or more pieces of
corresponding data.
2. The data are plotted on an "X-Y" chart to determine correlation (highly
positive, positive, no correlation, negative, and highly negative)
Problem Analysis Tools
1. Graphs
2. Check sheets (tic sheets) and check lists
3. Flowcharts
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