There are several good compilers for C++ such as:
– MinGW / GCC
– Borland c++
– Dev C++
– Embracadero
– Clang
– Visual C++
– Intel C++
– Code Block
GCC and clang are great compilers if the programmer’s target more portability with good speed.
Intel and other compilers target speed with relatively less emphasis on portability.
enum is abbreviation of Enumeration which assigns names to integer constant to make a program easy to read. Syntax for the same:
enum enum_name{const1, const2, ……. };
To exit Turbo C++, use the Quit option under the File Menu, or press Alt + X.
Conio.h is a header file used for console input and output operations and is used for creating text based user interfaces.
Runtime abnormal conditions that occur in the program are called exceptions. These are of 2 types:
– Synchronous
– Asynchronous
C++ has 3 specific keywords for handling these exceptions:
– try
– catch
– throw
Bool is a data type in C++ which takes two values- True and False. Syntax is as follows:
bool b1 = true;
A sample code is as follows:
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#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int a= 60, b= 70;
bool c, d;
c= a== b; // false
c= a< b; // true
cout <<b1;
cout << b2 ;
return 0;
}
Some of the operators that cannot be overloaded are as follows:
– Dot operator- “.â€
– Scope resolution operator- “::â€
– “sizeof†operator
– Pointer to member operator- “.*â€
There are two important distinctions between a class and a structure in C++. These are:
1. When deriving a structure from a class or some other structure, the default access specifier for the base class or structure is public. On the contrary, default access specifier is private when deriving a class.
2. While the members of a structure are public by default, the members of a class are private by default
No, we cannot provide one default constructor for our class. When a variable in the class type is set to null, it means that it was never initialized and the outcomes will be zero.
The const_cast is used to convert a const to a non-const. This is shown in the following program:
#include
void main( )
{
const int a = 0 ;
int *ptr = ( int * ) &a ; //one way
ptr = const_cast_ ( &a ) ; //better way
}
Here, the address of the const variable a is assigned to the pointer to a non-const variable. The const_cast is also used when we want to change the data members of a class inside the const member functions. The following code snippet shows this:
class sample
{
private:
int data;
public:
void func( ) const
{
(const_cast (this))->data = 70 ;
}
};
The compiler provides a constructor to every class in case the provider does not offer the same. This is when the programmer provides the constructor with no specific parameters than it is called a default constructor. The code for default constructor can be displayed in the following example.
// Cpp program to illustrate the
// concept of Constructors
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class construct {
public:
int a, b;
// Default Constructor
construct()
{
a = 10;
b = 20;
}
};
int main()
{
// Default constructor called automatically
// when the object is created
construct c;
cout << "a: " << c.a << endl
<< "b: " << c.b;
return 1;
}
Yes, it is possible. However, as the main() function is essential for the execution of the program, the program will stop after compiling and will not execute.
When we create a pointer the memory to the pointer is allocated but the contents or value that memory has to hold remains untouched. Unitialised pointers are those pointers which do not hold any initial value.
The major disadvantage associated with the macro is :
When a macro is invoked no type checking is performed.Therefore it is important to declare a macro coreectly so that it gives a correct answer whenever it is called inside the program.
These are the variables which remains visible throughout the program and are not recreated when they are recalled.
These types are by default initialised to zero and allocated memory on Data Segment.View answers in details
No, Union cannot be self referenced because it shares a single memory for all of its data members.View answers in details
logical error occurs at compile time. this happen when a wrong formula was inserted into the code wrong sequence of command was performed.on the other hand syntax error occurs due to incorrect command that is not recognized by the compiler.
This error occurs when the program being executed.one common instance wherein run time error can happen is when you are trying to divide a number by zero.when run time error occurs program execution will pause, showing which program line caused the error.
verify gcc installtion using the command:
$ gcc -v
then go to your working directory or folder where your code is:
$ cd <folder_name>
then build the file containing your c code as such:
$ gcc main.cpp
or
$ g++ -o main main.cpp
then run the executable generated in your system:
$ main.exe
Stl is the standard template library. It is a library that allows you to use a standard set of templates for things such as: Algorithms, functions, Iterators in place of actual code.
queue<int> Q;
for(k=0;k<10;k++)
{
Q.push(k);
}
C++ invented by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1985.
This keyword indicated that the function or the variable is implemented externally and it emphasizes that the variable ot the function exits external to the file or function.
We use this keyword when we want to make anything global in the project, it does not lie within any function.
vTable is a table containing function pointers. Every class has a vTable. vptr is a pointer to vTable. Each object has a vptr. In order to maintain and use vptr and vTable, the C++ compiler adds additional code at two places:
1. In every constructor – This code sets vptr:
1.Of the object being created
2.To point to vTable of the class
2. Code with the polymorphic functional call – At every location where a polymorphic call is made, the compiler inserts code in order to first look for vptr using the base class pointer or reference. The vTable of a derived class can be accessed once the vptr is successfully fetched. Address of derived class function show() is accessed and called using the vTable.
yes due to modern gcc compiler support it.
As we know that c allows us to make functions and cal them where ever needed, it prevents rework by calling the same function again and again where ever requires intead for example if we make a funtion that adds two numbers, it can be called anywhere in the program where ever the addintion is needed and we do not need to code again for adding any number.
It also shortens the length of the program as we do not need to code again the same thing for next time we can simple call the funtion and use it whenever needed.
It is also known as a library file.it contains definition and prototype of the program. header file contains a set of functions.
Eg.stdio.h it contains a definition and prototype of commands like scanf and printf.
Control statements are divided into three types. They are
1. Conditional Statements
2. Iterative Statements
3. Jump Statements
To download turbo c++ follow the steps mentioned below:
Step-1: Download turbo C++ from http://www.turboc8.com/p/download.html
Step-2: Extract Turbo.C.3.2.zip file.
Step-3: Run setup.exe file.
Step-4: Follow the instructions mentioned.
Here we can discuss the compile-time they are
a) Segmentation Fault: Un authorized memory access called as segmentation fault
b) Bus Error: Memory is not at all existing still programmer trying to access it
A template in C++ is used to pass data types as parameters . These make it easier and more simpler to use classes and functions.
template <typename T>
int fun (T a,T b)
{
return (a+b);
}
int main(){
cout<<fun<int>(11,22);
}
An overloaded declaration is a declaration in the same scope of function or operator declared with the same name more than once.
No, continue statement can be used within the loop only.
Text file includes letters, numbers, and other characters. It is easily understood by humans. Binary files contain zeros and ones that only computers can understand and interpret.
Algorithm provides step by step procedure on how a solution can be derived.
Variable is the name given to the memory space that may be used to store data. Its value can be changed depending on user requirements.
Even though it is possible to call an inline function from within itself in C++, the compiler may not generate the inline code. This is so because the compiler won’t determine the depth of the recursion at the compile time.
Nonetheless, a compiler with a good optimizer is able to inline recursive calls until some depth is fixed at compile-time and insert non-recursive calls at compile time for the cases when the actual depth exceeds run time.
"Volatile" is a function that helps in declaring that the particular variable is volatile and thereby directs the compiler to change the variable externally- this way, the compiler optimization on the variable reference can be avoided.
C++ allows classes to inherit some of the commonly used state and behavior from other classes. This process is known as inheritance.
Encapsulation is the process of binding together the data and functions in a class. It is applied to prevent direct access to the data for security reasons. The functions of a class are applied for this purpose. For example, the customers' net banking facility allows only the authorized person with the required login id and password to get access. That is too only for his/her part of the information in the bank data source.
Object is an instance of the class. An object can have fields, methods, constructors, and related. For example, a bike in real life is an object, but it has various features such as brakes, color, size, design, and others, which are instances of its class.
Yes, C++ can be called OOPS. The full form of OOPS is an Object-Oriented Programming System, which means a paradigm that provides an application of various concepts, including data binding, polymorphism, inheritance, and various others.
It converts high-level language to machine language.
The functions which are written by the programmer are called User-defined Functions. You will need three components to write user-definedfunctions. They are Function declaration, Function definition, and Function call.
The functions which are coming with the compiler by default are known as Pre-defined Functions. E.g.:- sqrt, pow.
Both references and pointers can be used to change local variables of one function inside another function. Both of them can also be used to save copying of big objects when passed as arguments to functions or returned from functions, to get efficiency gain.
Despite above similarities, there are following differences between references and pointers.
References are less powerful than pointers
1) Once a reference is created, it cannot be later made to reference another object; it cannot be reseated. This is often done with pointers.
2) References cannot be NULL. Pointers are often made NULL to indicate that they are not pointing to any valid thing.
3) A reference must be initialized when declared. There is no such restriction with pointers
Due to the above limitations, references in C++ cannot be used for implementing data structures like Linked List, Tree, etc. In Java, references don’t have above restrictions, and can be used to implement all data structures. References being more powerful in Java, is the main reason Java doesn’t need pointers.
References are safer and easier to use:
1) Safer: Since references must be initialized, wild references like wild pointers are unlikely to exist. It is still possible to have references that don’t refer to a valid location (See questions 5 and 6 in the below exercise )
2) Easier to use: References don’t need dereferencing operator to access the value. They can be used like normal variables. ‘&’ operator is needed only at the time of declaration. Also, members of an object reference can be accessed with dot operator (‘.’), unlike pointers where arrow operator (->) is needed to access members.
1) C++ is a kind of superset of C, most of C programs except few exceptions (See this and this) work in C++ as well.
2) C is a procedural programming language, but C++ supports both procedural and Object Oriented programming.
3) Since C++ supports object oriented programming, it supports features like function overloading, templates, inheritance, virtual functions, friend functions. These features are absent in C.
4) C++ supports exception handling at language level, in C exception handling is done in traditional if-else style.
5) C++ supports references, C doesn’t.
6) In C, scanf() and printf() are mainly used input/output. C++ mainly uses streams to perform input and output operations. cin is standard input stream and cout is standard output stream.
While handling real world problems we come across situations when we want to use different data type as one, C allows the user to define it own data type known as structures and unions.Structures and unions gathers together different atoms of informations that comprise a given entity.
Errors in c programming are divided in two types. They are
a) Compile Time Errors
b) Run Time Errors
Data types divided into two types. They are
a). Predefined data types
b). User defined data types
Predefined Data types: Int, char, float and double are the predefined data types
User-defined data types: Arrays, Pointers, strings, and structures are user-defined data types
C programming language supports multiple features. They are
1. Middle-Level Programming Language: C programming supports high-level features like Pointers, Structures data structures and as well as it will supports assembly code also so we conclude c as a middle level programming language.
2. Structured oriented programming Language: C program is structure oriented programming language means it will execute the statement in sequence
3. Modularity: In c programming language we can reduce the more line number of code by using modularity
4. Portability: C programming language is platform-independent means with minor modifications we can reuse the code on different platforms also.
5. Powerful Data Structure: With the help of data structures we can implement the complex application easily.
As an extension of the C language, C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup as a general purpose cross-platform language which gives programmers a high level of control over system resources and memory.