Python is a high-level, interpreted, general-purpose programming language. Being a general-purpose language, it can be used to build almost any type of website and application with the right tools. Additionally, python supports objects, modules, threads, exception-handling and automatic memory management which help in modelling real-world problems and building applications to solve these problems
Python is a general-purpose programming language that has simple, easy-to-learn syntax which emphasizes readability and therefore reduces the cost of program maintenance. The language is capable of scripting, completely open-source and supports third-party packages encouraging modularity and code-reuse.
Its high-level data structures, combined with dynamic typing and dynamic binding, attract a huge community of developers for Rapid Application Development and deployment.
Python is capable of scripting, but in general sense, it is considered as a general-purpose programming language.
A namespace is a naming system used to make sure that names are unique to avoid naming conflicts.
Memory management in Python is handled by the Python Memory Manager. The memory allocated by the manager is in form of a private heap space dedicated for Python. All Python objects are stored in this heap and being private, it is inaccessible to the programmer. Though, python does provide some core API functions to work upon the private heap space.
An interpreted language is any programming language which is not in machine-level code before runtime. Therefore, Python is an interpreted language.
Python provides a coding style known as PEP 8. PEP refers to Python Enhancement Proposals and is one of the most readable and eye-pleasing coding styles.It is a set of rules that specify how to format Python code for maximum readability.
Lists and Tuples are both sequence data types that can store a collection of objects in Python. The objects stored in both sequences can have different data types. Lists are represented with square brackets ['shiv', 6, 0.19], while tuples are represented with parantheses ('rohan', 5, 0.97).
But what is the real difference between the two? The key difference between the two is that while lists are mutable, tuples on the other hand are immutable objects. This means that lists can be modified, appended or sliced on-the-go but tuples remain constant and cannot be modified in any manner. You can run the following example on Python IDLE to confirm the difference:
my_tuple = ('shiv', 6, 5, 0.97)
my_list = ['shiv', 6, 5, 0.97]
print(my_tuple[0]) # output => 'shiv'
print(my_list[0]) # output => 'shiv'
my_tuple[0] = 'rohan' # modifying tuple => throws an error
my_list[0] = 'rohan' # modifying list => list modified
print(my_tuple[0]) # output => 'shiv'
print(my_list[0]) # output => 'rohan'
In Python, the assignment statement (= operator) does not copy objects. Instead, it creates a binding between the existing object and the target variable name. To create copies of an object in Python, we need to use the copy module. Moreover, there are two ways of creating copies for the given object using the copy module -
• Shallow Copy is a bit-wise copy of an object. The copied object created has an exact copy of the values in the original object. If either of the values are references to other objects, just the reference addresses for the same are copied.
• Deep Copy copies all values recursively from source to target object, i.e. it even duplicates the objects referenced by the source object.
from copy import copy, deepcopy
list_1 = [1, 2, [3, 5], 4]
## shallow copy
list_2 = copy(list_1)
list_2[3] = 7
list_2[2].append(6)
list_2 # output => [1, 2, [3, 5, 6], 7]
list_1 # output => [1, 2, [3, 5, 6], 4]
## deep copy
list_3 = deepcopy(list_1)
list_3[3] = 8
list_3[2].append(7)
list_3 # output => [1, 2, [3, 5, 6, 7], 8]
list_1 # output => [1, 2, [3, 5, 6], 4]
Self is a keyword in Python used to define an object of a class. In Python, it is explicity used as the first paramter, unlike in Java where it is optional. It helps in disinguishing between the methods and attributes of a class from its local variables.
__init__ is a contructor method in Python and is automatically called to allocate memory when a new object is created. All classes have a __init__ method associated with them. It helps in distinguishing methods and attributes of a class from local variables.
# class definition
class Student:
def __init__(self, fname, lname, age, section):
self.firstname = fname
self.lastname = lname
self.age = age
self.section = section
# creating a new object
stu1 = Student("Shiv", "Rohan", 22, "A2")
An anonymous function is known as a lambda function. This function can have any number of parameters but, can have just one statement.
Example:
1
2 a = lambda x,y : x+y
print(a(4, 8))
Output: 12
PYTHONPATH is an environment variable which you can set to add additional directories where Python will look for modules and packages. This is especially useful in maintaining Python libraries that you do not wish to install in the global default location.
 Documentation string or docstring is a multiline string used to document a specific code segment.
 The doc string line should begin with a capital letter and end with a period.
 The first line should be a short description.
 The docstring should describe what the function or method does.
Literals in Python refer to the data that is given in a variable or constant. Python has various kinds of literals including:
1. String Literals: It is a sequence of characters enclosed in codes. There can be single, double and triple strings based on the number of quotes used. Character literals are single characters surrounded by single or double-quotes.
2. Numeric Literals: These are unchangeable kind and belong to three different types – integer, float and complex.
3. Boolean Literals: They can have either of the two values- True or False which represents ‘1’ and ‘0’ respectively.
4. Special Literals: Special literals are sued to classify fields that are not created. It is represented by the value ‘none’.
The pass keyword represents a null operation in Python. It is generally used for the purpose of filling up empty blocks of code which may execute during runtime but has yet to be written. Without the pass statement in the following code, we may run into some errors during code execution.
def myEmptyFunc():
# do nothing
pass
myEmptyFunc() # nothing happens
## Without the pass keyword
# File "<stdin>", line 3
# IndentationError: expected an indented block
 As the name suggests, ‘slicing’ is taking parts of.
 Syntax for slicing is [start : stop : step]
 start is the starting index from where to slice a list or tuple
 stop is the ending index or where to sop.
 step is the number of steps to jump.
 Default value for start is 0, stop is number of items, step is 1.
 Slicing can be done on strings, arrays, lists, and tuples.
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
print(numbers[1 : : 2]) #output : [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
Pickle module accepts any Python object and converts it into a string representation and dumps it into a file by using dump function, this process is called pickling. While the process of retrieving original Python objects from the stored string representation is called unpickling.
Python zip() function returns a zip object, which maps a similar index of multiple containers. It takes an iterable, convert into iterator and aggregates the elements based on iterables passed. It returns an iterator of tuples.
To convert a string to lowercase, lower() function can be used.
Example:
1
2
stg='SARA'
print(stg.lower())
Output: sara
The built-in datatypes in Python is called dictionary. It defines one-to-one relationship between keys and values. Dictionaries contain pair of keys and their corresponding values. Dictionaries are indexed by keys.
example:
The following example contains some keys. Class, Roll no. & Result. Their corresponding values are Intermediate, 13B and Pass respectively.
1
dict={'Class':'Intermediate','Roll no':'13B','Result':'Pass'}
1
print dict[Class]
Intermediate
1
print dict[ Roll no ]
13B
1
print dict[Result]
Pass
Python packages are namespaces containing multiple modules.Modules that are related to each other are mainly put in the same package. When a module from an external package is required in a program, that package can be imported and its modules can be put to use
The join() is defined as a string method which returns a string value. It is concatenated with the elements of an iterable. It provides a flexible way to concatenate the strings.
Example:
str = "Rahul"
str2 = "ab"
# Calling function
str2 = str.join(str2)
# Displaying result
print(str2)
Output:
aRahulb
randrange ([start,] stop [,step]) − returns a randomly selected element from range(start, stop, step).
Yes, we can preset Pythonpath as a Python installer.
It consists of the path in which the initialization file carrying Python source code can be executed to start the interpreter.
The supported standard data types in Python include the following.
List.
Number.
String.
Tuples.
Dictionary
The length of the identifier in Python can be of any length. The longest identifier will violate from PEP – 8 and PEP – 20.
The split() method is used to separate a given string in Python.
Example:
1
2
a="edureka python"
print(a.split())
Output: [‘edureka’, ‘python’]
Multiple inheritance means that a class can be derived from more than one parent classes. Python does support multiple inheritance, unlike Java.
A classifier is used to predict the class of any data point. Classifiers are special hypotheses that are used to assign class labels to any particular data points.A classifier often uses training data to understand the relation between input variables and the class. Classification is a method used in supervised learning in Machine Learning.
we can get a list of keys is by using: dict.keys()
This method returns all the available keys in the dictionary. dict = {1:a, 2:b, 3:c} dict.keys()
o/p: [1, 2, 3]
we can reserve a list in Python using the reverse() method. The code can be depicted as follows.
def reverse(s):
str = ""
for i in s:
str = i + str
return str
We need a break in Python because break helps in controlling the Python loop by breaking the current loop from execution and transfer the control to the next block.
There are five ways to applied for applying reverse string following.
1.Loop
2.Recursion
3.Stack
4.Extended Slice Syntax
5.Reversed
The following code can be used to sort a list in Python:
1.list = ["1", "4", "0", "6", "9"]
2.list = [int(i) for i in list]
3.list.sort()
4.print (list)
To check the Python Version in CMD, press CMD + Space. This opens Spotlight. Here, type “terminal†and press enter. To execute the command, type python –version or python -V and press enter. This will return the python version in the next line below the command.
Delete a file in Python using the command os.remove (filename) or os.unlink(filename).
We will use the following code to save an image locally from an URL address
1.import urllib.request
2.urllib.request.urlretrieve("URL", "local-filename.jpg")
We need membership operators in Python with the purpose to confirm if the value is a member in another or not.
The dynamic modifications made to a class or module at runtime are termed as monkey patching in Python. Consider the following code snippet:
# m.py
class MyClass:
def f(self):
print "f()"
We can monkey-patch the program something like this:
import m
def monkey_f(self):
print "monkey_f()"
m.MyClass.f = monkey_f
obj = m.MyClass()
obj.f()
The output for the program will be monkey_f().
The examples demonstrate changes made in the behavior of f() in MyClass using the function we defined i.e. monkey_f() outside of the module m.
map function executes the function given as the first argument on all the elements of the iterable given as the second argument. If the function given takes in more than 1 arguments, then many iterables are given.
We use python numpy array instead of a list because of the below three reasons:
1.Less Memory
2.Fast
3.Convenient
The common way for the flask script to work is
• Either it should be the import path for your application
• Or the path to a Python file
A session basically allows you to remember information from one request to another. In a flask, it
uses a signed cookie so the user can look at the session contents and modify. The user can modify
the session if only it has the secret key Flask.secret_key.
Dogpile effect is referred to the event when cache expires, and websites are hit by the multiple
requests made by the client at the same time. This effect can be prevented by using semaphore
lock. In this system when value expires, first process acquires the lock and starts generating new
value.
• Python comprises of a huge standard library for most Internet platforms like Email, HTML,
etc.
• Python does not require explicit memory management as the interpreter itself allocates the
memory to new variables and free them automatically
• Provide easy readability due to use of square brackets
• Easy-to-learn for beginners
• Having the built-in data types saves programming time and effort from declaring variables
Flask-WTF offers simple integration with WTForms. Features include for Flask WTF are
• Integration with wtforms
• Secure form with csrf token
• Global csrf protection
• Internationalization integration
• Recaptcha supporting
• File upload that works with Flask Uploads
To generate random numbers in Python, you need to import command as
import random
random.random()
This returns a random floating point number in the range [0,1)
You can access a module written in Python from C by following method,
Module = =PyImport_ImportModule("<modulename>");
Xrange returns the xrange object while range returns the list, and uses the same memory and no
matter what the range size is.
The split function breaks the string into shorter strings using the defined separator. It returns the list of all the words present in the string.
Group of elements, containers or objects that can be traversed.
Capitalize() method capitalizes the first letter of the string, and if the letter is already capital it returns the original string
Operators are functions that take two or more values and returns the corresponding result.
1. is: returns true when two operands are true
2. not: returns inverse of a boolean value
3. in: checks if some element is present in some sequence
Python supports the below-mentioned built-in data types:
Immutable data types:
1.Number
2.String
3.Tuple
Mutable data types:
1.List
2.Dictionary
3.set
Yes,Python is a case sensitive language.This means that Function and function both are different in python alike SQL and Pascal.
A Python package refers to the collection of different sub-packages and modules based on the similarities of the function.
Indentation in Python is compulsory and is part of its syntax.
All programming languages have some way of defining the scope and extent of the block of codes. In Python, it is indentation. Indentation provides better readability to the code, which is probably why Python has made it compulsory.
Generally, Python is an all purpose Programming Language ,in addition to that Python is also Capable to perform scripting.
No. Python is a dynamically typed language, I.E., Python Interpreter automatically identifies the data type of a variable based on the type of value assigned to the variable.
Tkinter is a built-in Python module that is used to create GUI applications. It is Python’s standard toolkit for GUI development. Tkinter comes with Python, so there is no separate installation needed. You can start using it by importing it in your script.
PyChecker is a static analysis tool that detects the bugs in Python source code and warns about
the style and complexity of the bug. Pylint is another tool that verifies whether the module meets
the coding standard.
GIL or the Global Interpreter Lock is a mutex, used to limit access to Python objects. It synchronizes threads and prevents them from running at the same time.
To change a list into a tuple, we use the tuple() function
To change it into a set, we use the set() function
To change it into a dictionary, we use the dict() function
To change it into a string, we use the .join() method